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II. What is the Anger Cycle? (See Figure below)

The open expression of anger out by one person on another person is almost always followed with guilt. Immediately the person may feel some elation for having "gotten it out" but the frequent normal response is guilt. Guilt then will lead to remorse that the person had been so hard or mean to the person upon whom the anger was vented. This remorse will function like a "self-checking" device and result in the anger being held in so that the anger becomes "anger in", which can lead to depression. This "anger in" over time will lead to resentment towards the original person towards whom the open anger expression was delivered. If this person down the road begin to irritate the "angry person" over time the anger person will not hold in any more and express anger out all over again. Leading to a repeat of the anger cycle of guilt, remorse, anger in, resentment, irritation and anger out expression. This is a maladaptive model of handling anger.

III. How does anger differ from hostility and aggression?

A. Anger refers to an emotional state consisting of feelings that vary in intensity from mild irritation or annoyance to intense fury and rage.

B. Hostility refers to an emotional state involving angry feelings that result in a complex set of attitudes. These attitudes motivate aggressive behavior directed at people or things.

C. Aggression refers to a set of behavior traits directed at destroying objects and injuring or punishing people.

IV. What feelings are felt during an expression of anger?

V. What are some common ways of dealing with anger?

VI. How is anger often dealt with in a dysfunctional family?

• To maintain a “good'' son or daughter image one must not show anger toward parents but must bury the feelings (anger in), which feeds guilt and depression.
• Anger leads to feelings of inadequacy that lead to a belief that “I never do good enough.'' This leads to resentment that leads to more buried feelings, resulting in guilt and depression.
• Intense anger at self and others can become frozen into a chronic attitude of hostility.
• Submerged anger leads to being ready for any attacks (real or perceived) on self. This stimulus draws the anger feelings to the surface, resulting in overreaction ``Your anger is disproportionate to the importance of the event.''
• Self-hatred leads to a turning off of feelings, which can lead to projection and blaming others for the problems.

VII. What are some ways to redefine anger?

• Anger is a signal that things are not going my way.
• Anger is a motivator for me to change things or to rectify them.
• Unresolved anger blocks my emotional growth.
• Anger is a sign that I must take an assertive stance to tune into how I am feeling and why.
• Anger is directly related to my thoughts. If I have angry thoughts I will become angry. However, if I don't have angry thoughts, I won't become angry.
• Depression is anger that has been suppressed.
• A hostile attitude is often the sign of an individual with chronic, unresolved anger. The anger can be expressed in either passive or aggressive ways.
• Aggressive anger, verbal or physical, only intensifies once it begins to be expressed.
• Catharsis of anger, the ventilation of anger on a person, usually leads to an increase in anger. Anger usually intensifies when expressed in this way.
• Anger is usually related to me and my reaction to something or someone. It is controllable by teaching myself new ways to handle the ``anger provoking'' situations, events, or people.
• My angry reaction to a current situation may be because the situation is a "trigger event,'' one that drags up "old,'' unresolved anger.
• Anger can be turned into a source of strength to change my way of acting and reacting to situations, events, or people.
• Ventilating anger directly on people is aggressive behavior and benefits no one. I usually feel guilt, shame, or even greater anger after such ventilation. Whatever provoked my anger usually doesn't change.
• Harnessing anger into a productive force in my life will assist my emotional growth.

VIII. What can I do with anger?

• Face the anger for what it is and don't avoid it.
• Identify the feelings at the root of the anger or depression.
• Use "I statements'' to express the feelings of anger.
• Identify the guilt, resentment, rage, fear, embarrassment, depression involved in this anger.
• Confront the issues that stimulate the anger. Analyze them for what they are: stimuli drawing on deepseated subconscious feelings of anger that indicate unresolved emotional blocks from my past.
• Use imagery, role playing, an empty chair, or other object to confront past hurts and pains; express the submerged feelings that come out as I deal with this anger.
• Inform people in my current life of my need to analyze my anger responses; seek their assistance and understanding in this exploration process.
• If my current anger is not the result of efforts to uncover submerged feelings of old anger, then treat the current anger with rational "I'' statements: "I feel angry because ?''

• Take deep breaths and silently repeat the words "relax'' until I am able to calm down.
• Do not say or do anything until I am calm.
• Avoid words or actions in the "heat'' of the moment.

• Is it a situation, an event, a person?
• Is it real or imagined?

• Is this a trigger event bringing up old, unresolved anger/resentment?
• How is this provocation of my anger a product of my past?
• What is the real reason I'm getting angry?
• Maybe the person provoking my anger is having a bad day or needs more of my understanding.
• What are my feelings about this?
• What needs to be changed here?
• What alternatives could I use to get good results in handling this situation?

• Use "I'' statements. "I feel angry when you ?''
• Clarify my feelings.
• Point out issues needing clarity.
• Relate to the person how what is happening now is triggering feelings from my past.
• Identify the unresolved anger, resentment, hostility, or depression, and work on it.
• Inject some humor into the situation to defuse the anger or hostility.

X.  What are some constructive ways to perform a healthy “anger work-out''?

Anger work-out refers to a healthy and full expression of anger on inanimate objects; not on people so as to rid myself of hostility and aggression aroused by my anger. Each of the following techniques could be used alone or in any combination.

• beating on pillows
• beating on a mattress
• stomping on floor
• beating a bed with tennis or racquetball racket
• beating a rug with a stick
• hitting a weight bag or punching bag
• physical exertion, i.e., playing racquetball, tennis, hand ball, etc.
• yelling in a car with windows closed
• yelling in a paper bag
• ripping up a telephone book or newspapers
• hammering nails in a board
• games in an amusement park that require pounding
• throwing soft objects
• beating a pillow or bed with a foam or plastic bat
• karate or judo practice
• beating drums
• loud yelling
• screaming at a concert or sports event
• screaming in a vacant field or park
• using a shovel to dig holes in the dirt
• hitting balls or stones with a baseball bat
• hitting a ball against a wall with racket or hand
• bowling to hit all the pins down
• writing a letter of anger, but ripping it up the next day?not mailing it
• expressing feelings by writing in a journal
• wringing a wet towel
• using a hammer to smash glass in a bag
• kneading bread or play dough

XI. What steps in anger work-out help to resolve past issues?

In handling a current anger situation I may come upon a trigger event that brings up past feelings of hurt, pain, resentment, hostility, or anger. The trigger event is not what I am reacting to, however. It is the past situation, one that went unresolved to which I am reacting.

The following steps can help me work out unresolved anger:

Step 1: I take a pillow or cushion and go to my bedroom or to a quiet location alone.

Step 2: I kneel in front of the pillow or cushion, which is placed on a bed, a chair, or the floor.

Step 3: I begin to visualize a scene or series of scenes surrounding the event over which I have unresolved anger.

Step 4: As I visualize the scene and feel my anger rise, I begin to pound the pillow and shout how I "feel'' about the situation, event, or person. I yell my guts out!

Step 5: I continue pounding the pillow and letting my feelings out until I feel satiated.

Step 6: At this point I begin to use reason and rationality to reframe or restate the situation. I begin to allow myself to forgive those situations, events, or persons for what happened to me. I do not proceed to the next step until I can come to a 'healing'' of my spirit.

                     I repeat Steps 3 and 4 as often as necessary if I am stuck.

Step 7: Once I feel as if I have been able to forgive and I feel healing beginning in me, I write down what it was that made the reframed or restated situation take less blame, allowing the forgetting to take place.

Step 8: If those involved in the unresolved anger situation are still available (alive) and capable of communicating on a healing, nonblaming, feelings level, I share my resolution with them and let the forgiveness and healing become alive.

                     If those involved are unavailable, I let the forgiveness and healing take hold in my heart.

Step 9:  If in the future a trigger event brings this same unresolved anger out, repeat Steps 1 through 8. Some unresolved anger situations call for repeated anger work-out. I may repeat these steps many, many times.

XII. Steps to improving my anger work-out

Step 1: In order to improve my ability to work anger out of my life, I first need to assess my understanding of anger. To do this I will answer the following questions in my journal:

• What is my definition of anger?
• What usually makes me angry?
• Who usually makes me angry?
• What "hot buttons'' are likely to arouse my anger?
• How do I usually express my anger?
• How healthy is my expression of anger?
• How do I feel when I am in the midst of expressing anger?
• How do I feel after I have expressed my anger?
• What are the benefits of my openly expressing anger?
• What inhibits my ability to express anger?
• How do others react to my open expression of anger?
• What negative results occur from my expression of anger?
• What is the positive outcome of my expression of anger?
• Where are my problems with anger rooted?
• How can I recognize my anger and then express it in a healthy way?

Step 2: Once I've analyzed current anger in my life, I need to recognize past, unresolved anger by answering the following questions:

• What anger issues in my life remain unresolved?
• Who are the people with whom I still have unresolved anger?
• What events continue to conjure up anger for me today?
• What attempts have I made to work on my unresolved anger?
• How can I free myself up to work on my unresolved anger?
• What inhibits me about anger work-out on my unresolved issues?
• In reading the following piece written by Robert Muller, the former Assistant Secretary General of the United Nations, I feel I am ready to do anger work-out on both current and unresolved past issues.
                                                                       Decide to Forgive
                                                                        by Robert Muller
                                                   Decide to forgive
                                                   For resentment is negative
                                                   Resentment is poisonous and devours the self
                                                   Be the first to forgive, to smile and to take the first step,
                                                   And you will see happiness bloom
                                                   On the face of your human brother or sister.
                                                   Be always the first
                                                   Do not wait for others to forgive.
                                                   For by forgiving,
                                                   You become the master of fate,
                                                   The fashioner of life, the doer of miracles.
                                                   To forgive is the highest,
                                                   Most beautiful form of love.
                                                  
                                                   In return you will receive
                                                   Untold peace and happiness.
                                                   Here is the program for achieving a truly forgiving heart:
                                                   Sunday: Forgive yourself
                                                   Monday: Forgive your family.
                                                   Tuesday: Forgive your friends and associates.
                                                   Wednesday: Forgive across economic lines within your own nation.
                                                   Thursday: Forgive across cultural lines within your own nations.
                                                   Friday: Forgive across political lines within your ow nation.
                                                   Saturday: Forgive other nations.
                                                   Only the brave know how to forgive.
                                                   A coward never forgives. It is not in his nature.
  
• Step 3: I will use the anger work-out for all current anger events.
  
  Step 4: I will use anger work-out for all past, unresolved anger issues.
  
  Step 5: I will use the following anger work-out activities for a minimum of fifteen minutes daily. To relieve my built up feelings of anger.
                       My anger work-out tasks will include:
                       A.
                       B.
                       C.
                       D.
                       E.
  
  Step 6: If I still have unresolved anger, I will return to Section IX, Step 1, and begin again.